Medical waste is a unique category of waste because it is not homogeneous. Waste in this category is generated in many places, usually where activities related to the provision of medical, cosmetic, or hairdressing services, etc., are carried out. These wastes are diverse in terms of raw materials, and their chemical components are often very specific and difficult to dispose of. Due to their composition, they pose a significant threat to the environment and public health, especially when not properly managed and disposed of. The management of this waste is subject to special regulations, both Polish and EU, and failure to comply with these regulations is punishable by severe penalties. This publication aims to draw attention to microbiological and toxicological problems resulting from the improper management of this waste. Defining this content is important due to the potential threat of environmental contamination and the risks to the lives and health of citizens. While national and EU regulations appear to be adequate, compliance is often lacking.